Ingredients are often referred to on the label of a personal care product by the ingredient name as it appears in the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI), known as the INCI Name. CIR reviews ingredients, not products. Furthermore, as a matter of practice, CIR does not usually review fragrances, colors, or flavorings.
To understand CIR imagery you first must understand what we can and cannot see with our eyes. The human eye can see high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (a.k.a. light) from only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. To ‘see’ beyond this range, we need instruments and cameras that can detect and then translate invisible radiation into the familiar colors of the rainbow. Color-infrared (CIR) imagery uses a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum known as near infrared (NIR) that lies just beyond the visible wavelengths for the color red.
CIR imagery is imagery made up of a combination of colors within the visible spectrum with the addition of NIR light which is represented by another, distinct color within the visible spectrum.
What is CIR Imagery Used For?
CIR Imagery is good at penetrating atmospheric haze and for determining the health of vegetation; the pigment in plant leaves, chlorophyll, strongly absorbs visible light. The cell structure of the leaves, on the other hand, strongly reflects near-infrared light. Therefore, the stronger the light sensed by the camera, the healthier the plant is.
- The first thing you need to do before writing your.CIR file is to draw the circuit that you intend to test. Clearly label all the nodes on the circuit and always label the ground node with zero (0). This is PSpice's reference node. The first line in the.CIR input file is reserved for.
- The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit will continue to operate under the Continuity of Operations Plan activated on March 18, 2020. See order for further details. Pursuant to this order, all cases scheduled for oral argument through December 31, 2020, will be argued by counsel either telephonically or by video communications.
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The most common use of CIR imagery is index calculations such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) which is a simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyze these NIR measurements. This is done by applying a simple calculation to the measurements of the NIR and visible values collected in the imagery:
NDVI is especially useful when comparing the health of crops, by which the relative NIR values are represented by a color ramp, typically red-to-green; red being unhealthy and green being healthy. Values with no NIR reflectance (i.e. the ground) or areas not relevant to the area of interest are transparent:
How do we Create CIR Imagery?
In order to understand how we generate CIR imagery, it is important to first understand how traditional visible-spectrum cameras create images.
Inside each digital camera is a sensor which is covered in an array of cavities called ‘photosites’. These photosites are responsible for ‘seeing’ only one color; red, green or blue. A red photosite for example, cannot ‘see’ blue or green light. However, red light can penetrate the filter of a red photosite, and the volume (or brightness) of the light that passes through is recorded. The camera’s processor knows that if any light penetrated the red photosite, it can only be red.
To create a regular RGB (Red/Green/Blue) image like we are used to seeing, digital cameras take the brightness values from each photosite and create what is called a color channel (or ‘band’). A color channel is essentially a copy of the image which only contains the values for a single color – in other words, the image is composed of three images (one for each color), whereby ‘stacking’ the channels in the correct order creates a normal RGB image:
Digital cameras are capable of collecting infrared light but since they are designed for visible light only, they feature internal infrared-blocking filters, intended to keep all infrared light out and only allow visible light through to the sensor:
In order to make use of the camera’s capability to collect infrared light, the camera is modified to replace this infrared-blocking filter with a specialized infrared-passing filter, thereby allowing the sensor’s photosites to ‘see’ infrared light. Once this camera modification is complete, photosites from all three color channels are susceptible to the infrared light. Then, in order to create a designated channel just for infrared light, a yellow filter is attached to the camera’s lens.
Yellow (being the opposite of blue on the color spectrum) blocks blue light from entering through the lens to the sensor. Since the infrared-passing filter allows infrared light on all color channels, by blocking blue light we have essentially replaced the blue channel and created a color channel which consists only of pure infrared light. Now that the blue channel has been replaced with infrared, the camera’s channel order becomes R/G/NIR. This combination of color channels is referred to as CIR:
These images can then be processed using a wide variety of software solutions to analyze the NIR values to collect accurate measurements for identifying plant species, estimating biomass of vegetation, assessing soil moisture and evaluating water clarity (i.e. turbidity) in order to gain actionable information faster and more cost-effective than traditional satellite or manned aircraft data.
What ‘Should’ CIR Imagery Look Like?
Open Cur File
There is no definitive standard for what CIR imagery should look like to the human eye – in its truest definition, CIR imagery is ‘false-color’ imagery, wherein visible-spectrum colors are used to represent and exaggerate the reflectance values of NIR light. The choice of color is irrelevant to the ultimate usefulness of the data.
At Altavian, we try to adhere to the aesthetic of traditional film CIR imagery by swapping the Red and NIR color channels, producing a similar appearance to Kodak Aerochrome which many traditional surveyors and analysts have used.
.cir File Pspice
By then applying a standard deviation histogram stretch in programs such as ArcGIS, the final CIR imagery becomes intimately familiar to data analysts:
Ltspice Cir File
Note: It is important to keep track of channel orders when using analysis programs, especially when utilizing index calculations such as NDVI which require specific channel specifications to properly calculate the color values. This can potentially become confusing when using programs which specify channels using a numbering system (1/2/3) instead of named channels (R/G/NIR). When swapping Red and NIR channels, the order then becomes NIR/G/R, therefore an NDVI calculation would be (1-3)/(1+3) instead of (3-1)/(3+1).